Tips for Librarians

Introduction

The first step in communicating with a person who is d/Deaf or hard of hearing in a library setting is to determine the need. Some individuals will identify themselves as d/Deaf or hard of hearing immediately. In that case, let the individual tell you the means of communication that works best for him. Others may be reluctant to identify themselves as d/Deaf or hard of hearing. If an individual tilts his head toward you when you are speaking, speaks more loudly than usual, or just doesn’t seem to understand you, she may not be able to hear you clearly.

Communication styles and preferences vary. Some individuals use sign language, some read lips, some use assistive listening devices, and still others prefer to communicate in writing. Some may use a combination of these methods. Patience and careful attention are the keys to communication, regardless of the preferred method.

People who are d/Deaf or hard of hearing rely heavily on visual cues, regardless of the specific means of communication. If you suspect a user cannot hear you, try some of the strategies suggested below. The following tips apply to all face-to-face communication encounters.

General Guidelines

  • Face and lips must be visible (hands, papers, etc. should not be directly in front of your face)
  • Choose a location that is well-lit
  • Avoid standing with your back to any light source
  • Look directly at the person with whom you are talking
  • Avoid distracting background noise (conversations, printers, etc.); move to another location if necessary

Getting The Person’s Attention

  • Call him or her by name or title
  • Tap him or her on the shoulder or arm
  • Wave your hand (but not frantically)
  • Make sure he or she is looking at you before you speak
  • Tap on the table or counter
  • Stomp on the floor
  • Flash the lights as I demonstrate in this video-short.

Mannerisms / Pragmatics

  • Avoid eating, drinking, or chewing gum while talking
  • Keep your hands away from your mouth
  • Speak naturally – don’t exaggerate, shout, or speak too slowly
  • Use natural facial expressions
  • Use hand gestures and short notes

During The Reference Interview

  • Watch for language and literacy differences
  • Repeat the question back to the user, in writing if necessary
  • Use short sentences
  • Use simple language and avoid unnecessary words Minimize use of idioms and colloquialisms—if you do, the patron may ask what that means
  • Write key words as you speak and keep the paper in clear view
  • Follow up to make sure the question has been answered

In Groups

  • Make sure the deaf or hard of hearing person is in the best location possible to satisfy communication needs (The best location may vary depending on the setting. Ask!)
  • Avoid pacing and other distracting movements (I actually don’t think this is as important).
  • Make sure you face the deaf or hard of hearing person when you speak
  • Use visual aids (provide handouts of PowerPoint slideshows on the Web or at the door if possible)
  • Allow the audience time to look at visual aids before speaking
  • Prepare written instructions and handouts
  • Restate questions or comments from audience members
  • Use hands-on activities

Working With Interpreter(s)

Important: One interpreter is usually fine one to one or one to two hearing to d/Deaf/hard-of-hearing or for events less than a forty-five minutes. For groups, teams of interpreters are highly recommended. Provide as much information to the interpreting agency as possible.

  • Look and speak directly to the deaf or hard of hearing person and not to the interpreter
  • The interpreter will probably be a few words behind the speaker
  • The interpreter is not a participant in the conversation or program and should not be brought into discussion or asked questions—although they often ask follow-up questions for jargon
  • For a program or meeting
    • Be aware there are different types of interpreting and ask users what they need
    • Schedule interpreters well in advance (at least two weeks)
    • Provide interpreter with copies of handouts and with the names of program/meeting participants and spelling of any technical terms or jargon before the program begins
    • Make sure all arrangements (e.g., lighting, seating, interpreter preferences, client preferences, etc.) are worked out before the program/meeting begins
    • If the interpreter is working alone, give adequate breaks

    Adapted from a resource originally published by the Gallaudet University Library, August 9, 2024. Web. Accessed August 26, 2026. <https://libguides.gallaudet.edu/c.php?g=773982>.